What defines normality in a solution?

Normality in a solution specifically refers to the concentration of equivalents of solute per liter of solution. This measurement is particularly relevant in acid-base chemistry, where it indicates the number of reactive species, such as hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions, that can be produced by an acid or base. In this context, an equivalent is defined based on the reaction being considered; for instance, one equivalent of sulfuric acid can donate two protons (H⁺), while one equivalent of hydrochloric acid can donate one proton. Therefore, normality provides a direct measure of the solution's capacity to react in specific chemical processes, making it an essential concept for titrations and other quantitative analyses involving acids and bases. Understanding normality helps laboratory personnel accurately calculate and prepare solutions for various chemical reactions.